Also, photoionization models, which utilize solar abundances and take the ionizing continuum to be a simple power law, are incapable of explaining the level of ionization in the BAL clouds. Therefore, if the BAL clouds give rise to observable emission, the generally adopted (optically thick, single component) model for the emission line region must be incorrect. The BAL clouds are incapable of accounting for all of the observed broad emission lines, particularly C III} (lamda)1909 and Mg II (lamda)2798. The distribution of multiplicities for isolated absorption troughs suggests that the large -scale spatial distribution of BAL clouds is non-random, possibly described by a disk geometry. For example, N V emission is generally stronger in BAL QSOs and the emission near C III} (lamda)1909 is generally broader in BAL QSOs. The emission line properties of BAL QSOs appear to be different from those of non-BAL QSOs. The minimum total absorption column densities are 10('20) to 10('22) cm('-2). Outflow velocities up to 40,000 km s(' -1) are observed. The BALs exhibit a variety of velocity structures, from seemingly smooth, continuous absorption to complexes of individual absorption lines. Broad absorption lines (BALs) are probably present in 3 to 10 percent of the spectra of moderate to high redshift QSOs. The following major conclusions are reached. Spectroscopic observations of fourteen broad absorption line (BAL) QSOs are presented and analyzed. Infernos de Ferro (Brazil)Īngband a.k.a.Broad Absorption Lines in Qsos: Observations and Implications for Models. In earlier versions of Tolkien's mythology (see The History of Middle-earth) Angband was called Angamandu in Qenya that was the precursor of Quenya.Īngband a.k.a. EtymologyĪngband is a Sindarin word that literally meant "Iron Prison" or "Hell of Iron" (from ang + band). At the end of the First Age, the Valar took pity on the Ñoldor and instigated the War of Wrath, which not only utterly destroyed Angband but broke most of northern Middle-earth so thoroughly that it sank beneath the ocean. Ultimately, he achieved complete victory over them. From his dark throne in the Nethermost Hall, Morgoth directed the war against the Ñoldor who had returned from the West, and all the Free Peoples that supported them in Beleriand. These peaks were created from the slag and rubble caused by the re-delving of the fortress, and as such, it is likely that the rebuilt Angband extended for a considerably greater distance underground than its original incarnation. After three ages, Melkor was released, destroyed the Two Trees of Valinor, stole the Silmarils and escaped from Aman.Īfter fleeing, Melkor, now named Morgoth by his enemies, returned to Middle-earth and re-delved the ruins of Angband, raising the volcanic peaks of Thangorodrim over it. However, it is not certain where Sauron dwelt during Melkor's imprisonment. It is possible that Sauron remained in the ruins of Angband with the Balrogs, as he had presumably been commanding the fortress when it was attacked. Eventually, the Orcs began to multiply in great numbers in Angband's ruins, and soon made their way south into Beleriand, threatening the Dwarves and Thingol's kingdom. After Melkor's defeat at Utumno, the Balrogs came to Angband and went into hibernation in its ruined foundations. However, Angband's underground vaults and caverns were left relatively intact after the Valar's onslaught, as they were in great haste to capture Melkor for the sake of keeping the newly-awakened Elves safe. However, at the initiation of the War for Sake of the Elves, the assault of the Valar leveled Angband without much difficulty, and they swiftly moved on to Melkor's primary stronghold of Utumno. Melkor originally built Angband to guard against a possible attack from Aman by the Valar, and placed it under the command of Sauron. There were also mines within Angband that extended deeper than Morgoth's throne room. At the foundation of Angband was the entrance to Morgoth's throne room in the Nethermost Hall. There were also many tunnels leading to the slave quarters or vaults. A tall chimney went from Morgoth's gigantic blast furnaces and smithies, up through the mountain to the smokey towers of Thangorodrim. Through the gate, there was a long great tunnel leading to a 'labyrinthine pyramid' of stairs to corridors, tunnels, and smithy chambers. Before the Great Gate, there was a somber court area flanked by frightening cliffs and walled by the towers of a great battlement. Map of Hithlum and the Northern Lands by Karen Wynn Fonstad from The Atlas of Middle-earthĪngband was a primarily subterranean stronghold under the three volcanic mountains of Thangorodrim, the largest mountains in Middle-earth.
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